Just paste this in a terminal, type your password when it's required – this assumes you use sudo to use administrator commands (which is the default in Ubuntu/Mint), the password is required only once:
If you don't know which one to use, use the non-portable one: the portable one is meant to be put on an USB drive or similar to play on several PCs with only one installation.
NOTE: This script may not work immediately on Ubuntu 16.10. You may need to swap libpng and libjpeg for more recent versions, which have different package names. Consider the Minetest AppImage as a simpler way to run latest Minetest versions, that doesn't require root rights as well.
For non-portable installs (puts user data in ~/.minetest):
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sudo apt-get install -y git build-essential libirrlicht-dev libgettextpo0 libfreetype6-dev cmake libbz2-dev libpng12-dev libjpeg8-dev libxxf86vm-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libsqlite3-dev libogg-dev libvorbis-dev libopenal-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev libluajit-5.1-dev liblua5.1-0-dev libleveldb-dev; cd; git clone https://github.com/minetest/minetest.git; cd minetest/games; git clone https://github.com/minetest/minetest_game.git; cd ..; cmake . -DENABLE_GETTEXT=1 -DENABLE_FREETYPE=1 -DENABLE_LEVELDB=1; make -j$(nproc); sudo make install; minetest; echo -e "\n\n\e[1;33mYou can run Minetest again by typing \"minetest\" in a terminal or selecting it in an applications menu.\nYou can install mods in ~/.minetest/mods, too.\e[0m"
For "portable" installs (puts user data in program data directory):
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sudo apt-get install -y git build-essential libirrlicht-dev libgettextpo0 libfreetype6-dev cmake libbz2-dev libpng12-dev libjpeg8-dev libxxf86vm-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libsqlite3-dev libogg-dev libvorbis-dev libopenal-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev libluajit-5.1-dev liblua5.1-0-dev libleveldb-dev; cd; git clone https://github.com/minetest/minetest.git; cd minetest/games; git clone https://github.com/minetest/minetest_game.git; cd ..; cmake . -DRUN_IN_PLACE=1 -DENABLE_GETTEXT=1 -DENABLE_FREETYPE=1 -DENABLE_LEVELDB=1; make -j$(nproc); cd ../bin; ./minetest; echo -e "\n\n\e[1;33mYou can run Minetest again by double-clicking \"minetest\" in the \"bin\" folder of the \"minetest\" folder in your home folder.\nYou can install mods in ~/minetest/mods, too.\e[0m"
You can update your existing (portable or not) Minetest installation by typing this after opening a terminal, provided you haven't moved the directory:
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cd minetest; git pull; make -j$(nproc)
This automatically runs Minetest when done and tells you the Minetest binary can be found in ~/minetest/bin.